THE
FIVE NOBLE ORDERS OF
ARCHITECTURE
By: Perce J. George
Brother Perce George is a member of
Mannum Lodge #97, Grand Lodge of South
Australia.
Our rituals, as a general rule are reasonably
straight forward and self explanatory, but on occasion
some matters are only touched upon briefly and in
consequence, can leave one puzzled about their full
meanings. One such matter is the phrase, "FIVE HOLD A
LODGE IN ALLUSION TO THE FIVE NOBLE ORDERS OF
ARCHITECTURE, NAMELY THE TUSCAN, DORIC, IONIC,
CORINTHIAN AND COMPOSITE." But what are the
peculiarities of these different orders? First, let us
look at the term, "Noble." A diligent search through
many encyclopedias, dictionaries, books of knowledge
and books specifically relating to architecture, has
failed to reveal the term and this suggests that it is
only used in Masonic literature, but is not conclusive.
However, Mitchell Beazley's Pocket Guide to
Architecture refers to these five orders as "Classical
Orders", so it can be assumed that both of these terms
are synonymous. Even though it is the peculiarities of
the separate orders which will be the main subject
matter of this article, it is first prudent that we
make a study of their similarities. Some columns, but
not all, are supported by a Pedestal, usually of square
section. This can take the form of a square, shallow,
plain block, but where a higher pedestal is used, say
up to a third of the height of the complete unit, it
consists of a Base, a Dado, which can be plain or
ornamented and a Cornice. The column proper is also
divided into two or three named parts. First the Base,
which is a series of annulets or ring-like mouldings,
the Shaft and the Capital, which by its design, is the
manner by which each order is recognised. It is
interesting to note that the Greeks were the first to
establish the orders and the Romans followed suit,
making some alterations, modifications and additions.
We will begin by examining the details of the Doric
Order, because it was the First to be established by
the Greeks. It was the one which they employed
predominantly in their buildings. The general consensus
is that the column was developed from earlier wooden
forms. This, from the resemblance of cornice details to
the forms used in early carpentry. By the seventh
century B.C., the type had arrived at a definite form
and subsequent improvements led to the production
of the perfected order of the fifth century B.C.
Examples are to be found in the Parthenon and the
Propylaea at Athens, and was in continual use by the
Greeks until the second century B.C. An outstanding
feature of the Greek Doric column is that it has no
base and a more substantial shaft than the other
orders. It is generally treated with twenty flutes and
it terminates in a simple capital of a group of
annulets, a convex curved moulding which is referred to
as the Echinus and a square slab called the Abacus on
top. The Roman Doric was derived from the Greek, but
the design was probably influenced by the appealing
aspect of a more slender shaft developed by the
Etruscans. This column was not frequently used, but
examples may be viewed in the Colosseum and the Theatre
of Marcellus. The Roman Doric also differs from the
Greek in that it incorporates a base and has some
changes to the profile of the capital.
Although departing from the principle of explaining
the orders chronologically, it is fitting to introduce
at this point, the Tuscan Order. Established by the
Sixteenth century Italians, it is of comparative recent
origin. A much simplified example of the Doric, it is
unfluted and has no adornments on the capital. It is
also known as the Roman Doric order referred to
earlier.
The next Noble order to emerge was the Ionic which
attained full development by the sixth century B.C.
Primarily a creation of the artisans of Asia Minor,
which is the Asian portion of Turkey, where some partially developed examples of the order have been
located, it appeared in Greece in the fifth century
B.C. The one complete example of Greek Ionic can be
seen in the Erectheum. This is a temple built from
Pentelic marble on the Acropolis.in Athens. Greek Ionic
columns are slenderly proportioned, their height
generally being about nine times their lower diameter
and usually having twenty four flutes. The capital is
characterised by spiral scrolls known as Volutes. These
scrolls are viewed at front and rear of the capital.
The Roman Ionic differs from the Greek in the manner
that the volutes protrude from the capital forming
four corners. In both the Greek and the Roman, echinus
mouldings are used in conjunction with the scrolls
and are generally highly ornamented.
The Corinthian is the most elaborate and highly
decorated of all the orders, attaining its period of
full development around the middle of the fourth
century B.C. Strangely enough, the Greeks made very
little use of it by comparison with the other orders.
However, an excellent example is the circular
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens which was
erected in the year 335 B.C., but the most notable of
the Corinthian temples is that of Zeus, also at Athens,
the construction of which was begun in the second
century B.C. and was completed by the Emperor Hadrian
in the second century A.D. The Greek Corinthian column,
except for its distinctive capital, is similar to the
Ionic, but is even more slender. Legend has it that the
design of the beautiful capital, devised of Acanthus
leaves, can be attributed to Callimachus, who was a
Hellenistic Greek poet and critic. This is remarkable
because his actual stock in trade was schoolteacher and
library worker at Alexandria. The Romans made use of
the Corinthian Order in many works of imperial
architecture. They gave it a special base, made carved
additions to the cornice and made various innovations
in the capital with more flamboyant leafage than the
Greek, and in some cases using human and animal
figures. The Pantheon in Rome, built by Agrippa in the
year 27 B.C., rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian in the
second century A.D. and now a Christian church,
embodies the prevailing examples of this order.
Hailing back momentarily to the manner in which the
volutes or scrolls of the Ionic order protrude from
four corners, this configuration lent itself to the
addition of the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order
and it was thus that the Romans devised the Composite
Order as early as the first century A.D. However, it
was not until the sixteenth century that the
codifiers actually named it Composite. It has since
been employed extensively in public buildings
worldwide.
We, as freemasons, are accustomed to seeing the
Ionic, Doric and Corinthian columns in a free standing
situation representing Wisdom, Strength and Beauty
alongside the pedestals of the principal officers, but
it must be realized that columns in their normal
situations as parts of buildings, as well as being
aesthetically pleasing, perform the function of
supporting the upper portions of the structure. These
upper parts are called Entablatures and can take
several forms. In a building such as the Temple of
Apollo at Didyama, the long rectangular entablature is
around all four sides, whereas in the Pantheon, a
triangular portion is added at the front of the
porchway or entrance. This triangular entablature is
used where a raked roof is employed and is consistent
with the roof line. Entablatures, like Columns, are
divided into named parts, such as the Architrave, which
is directly above the columns. The portion above the
architrave is called the Frieze, usually ornately ornamented. Above the frieze is the Cornice. In the case of
a triangular portion being used, it also has named
parts. The Cornices completely surround the
triangular facade, which is called the Pediment, the
upper, angled cornices being referred to as Raking
Cornices.
Apart from the Noble or Classical Orders, many
adaptions and departures from orthodoxy can be
observed when travelling around cities or the
countryside. For instance, at the entrance to the Town
Hall in Angaston, (a town north of Adelaide) there are
two pillars which look like extended Australian Rules
footballs topped with the volutes of the Ionic order.
Also, many false columns which are really parts of the
walls, display the characteristics of the capitals of
all the orders.
It is also interesting to note columns or pillars
derived from the architecture of countries other than
Greece and Italy, such as Egypt. The sculptors of this
country depicted many conventional designs inspired by
such plants as palms, lotus and papyrus, mainly in the
Ptolemaic period. The Egyptians and also the Greeks
made use of Caryatids which are columns sculpted in the
form of women. A wonderful example is to be viewed in
the ruins of the Erechthion on the Acropolis in Athens,
where the Caryatid columns are completely preserved. It
is interesting to note that these figures are
completely clothed, but the arms are terminated above
the elbows.
Postscript:
Since completing this article, I have seen a
television program showing a beautiful stock exchange
building in the town of Ulan Bator in Mongolia. Inside
the building are a large number of columns, unfluted
and without bases, surmounted by Corinthian
capitals. This is just another of many variations which
have arisen from the Five Noble Orders.
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